Paper Glossary
طيّ الأكورديون
مصطلح في مجال التجليد، حيث تنفتح طيّتان متوازيتان أو أكثر مثل الأكورديون.
خالٍ من الأحماض
ورق خالٍ من الحموضة والمواد الكيميائية المُنتجة للأحماض. أوراق مُصنّعة بدرجة حموضة أعلى من 7.0 (محايدة).
مُغلّفة بلصق
تقنية تجليد الكتب التي تستخدم الغراء أو الغراء الساخن المُذاب لتثبيت كل صفحة أو توقيع معًا في غلاف الكتاب.
AF & PA
الجمعية الأمريكية للغابات والورق. منظمة تُنسّق الاحتياجات المختلفة لصناعة الورق والكرتون واسعة النطاق.
ضد الحبوب
طي الورق أو إدخاله بزاوية قائمة على اتجاه حبيبات الورق.
تشطيب عتيق
تشطيب ورقي خشن للغاية غير مطلي، يُحصل عليه باستخدام آلة الورق بقليل من الضغط الرطب أو الصقل الآلي؛ ويمكن استخدامه أيضًا كبادئة لتشطيبات أخرى، مما يعني تشطيبًا أكثر خشونة من المعتاد، مثل النقش العتيق أو الرق.
ورق الأرشيف
ورق يتميز بخصائص طويلة الأمد - خالٍ من الأحماض والليجنين، وعادةً ما يتميز بثبات جيد للألوان. يجب أن تستوفي أوراق الأرشيف المعايير الوطنية للأداء. العمر المتوقع لورق الأرشيف أكثر من 100 عام.
النسخ الاحتياطي
طباعة الوجه الخلفي لورقة مطبوعة مسبقًا على جانب واحد.
بقايا قصب السكر
قصب السكر المطحون أو الألياف المستخدمة في صناعة الورق. ألياف بديلة للأشجار.
الوزن الأساسي
الوزن بالرطل لرزمة ورق، تتكون عادةً من 500 ورقة مقطوعة إلى حجمها الأساسي.
المدقاق
حوض كبير مقسم طوليًا يُستخدم لخلط اللب ومعالجته ميكانيكيًا مع مكونات أخرى لصنع الورق.
بوليصة الشحن
مصطلح نقل يشير إلى العقد المبرم بين المورد والناقل، ويتضمن عدد الطرود والوزن الإجمالي وعنوان الوجهة.
التجليد
قسم في مصنع أو مصنع طباعة الكتب، يتولى استلام الورق بعد طباعته، وطيه، وجمع التوقيعات، وتجليدها.
الطلاء بالشفرة
طريقة الطلاء التي تستخدم شفرة سكين لتطبيق طبقة طلاء ناعمة ومتساوية، ولكن بسماكة غير متجانسة، على سطح ورقة.
البطانية
قماش مطلي بالمطاط أو مادة صناعية أخرى، يُثبّت حول أسطوانة البطانية، وينقل الحبر من لوحة الطباعة إلى الورقة.
التسرب
كمية زائدة من صورة الطباعة تمتد إلى ما بعد حافة الورقة أو الصفحة. ورق النشاف هو ورق ماص وضخم، خالٍ من الخشب، ويُصنع أحيانًا من لب ألياف القطن أو الصوف.
ورق السندات
كان يُشار إليه في الأصل بالورق المستخدم لطباعة السندات والشهادات الأخرى، ولكنه الآن مصطلح عام يُطلق على أوراق الأعمال؛ ويُسمى أيضًا ورق الكتابة؛ وعادةً ما يكون أقل عتامة من ورق الكتب ذي الوزن المماثل. ورق السند المستخدم عادة في أي مكتب للنسخ والطابعات الليزرية والكتابة أو الطباعة العامة.
ورق الكتب
يُسمى أيضًا طباعة النصوص أو الأوفست. يُصنع ورق الكتب من جميع أنواع اللب الخام، والمُعاد تدويره، والمُستصلح، بأوزان أساسية متنوعة وتشطيبات متنوعة. عادةً ما يكون ورق الكتب أكثر عتامة من ورق السندات ذي الوزن المماثل.
السطوع
لمعان الورق أو انعكاسه.
بريستول
ورق ثقيل الوزن يتميز بجودة أعلى من المتوسط.
مكسور
قصاصات الورق أو الورق التالف نتيجة كسور في آلة الورق.
كرتون مكسور
كرتون من الورق تم فتحه وإزالة بعض محتوياته.
السائب
سمك مخزون الورق بأجزاء من الألف من البوصة أو عدد الصفحات في البوصة.
C1S
مطلي من جانب واحد.
C2S
مطلي من جانبين.
التقويم
كومة من لفات الفولاذ الملساء موضوعة فوق الأخرى في نهاية آلة الورق. يتم تمرير شبكة الورق بين واحدة أو أكثر من المشابك تحت الضغط للتحكم في النعومة والسمك المطلوبين للورقة النهائية.
الفرجار
سمك الورق، مُقاس بأجزاء الألف من البوصة.
نسخة جاهزة للتصوير
كما يوحي الاسم، هذه نسخة جاهزة للطباعة للاستخدام دون أي تعديل إضافي.
ورق خالٍ من الكربون
ورق نسخ مُغلف بحيث يُمكن استخدامه بدون طلاء كربوني أو ورق كربون مُتداخل. يُستخدم الورق في أشكال النسخ المتعددة الطبقات.
كرتون
مصطلح عام يُستخدم للإشارة إلى صندوق ورقي قابل للطي.
كتاب مُجلد
كتاب بغلاف صلب ومتين مصنوع من الورق المقوى المَشَبَّع ومُغطى بورق أو قماش فينيل أو جلد.
ورق مُغطى
ورق وكرتون مُغطى شديد اللمعان يتميزان بخصائص سطحية تُنتج عن طريق السماح للطلاء المُطبق بالتصلب عند ملامسته لسطح أسطوانة مُسخنة بالبخار ومُصقولة للغاية ومطلية بالكروم.
ورق CB مُغطى
الورقة المانحة المُغلفة من الورق الخالي من الكربون المُتزاوج، والمُستخدمة في أشكال متعددة الأجزاء. يحتوي طلاء CB على صبغات عديمة اللون، مغلفة بمذيب مناسب، للتحكم في الإطلاق وتطوير اللون على ورقة مستقبل CF؛ سيكون طلاء CB على الجزء الخلفي من كل طبقة باستثناء الطبقة الأخيرة من النموذج
ألياف السليلوز
المكون الرئيسي أو المادة الخام في صناعة الورق، مشتقة بشكل رئيسي من الخشب، ولكن يمكن الحصول عليها من القطن أو قصب السكر أو مصادر نباتية أخرى.
ورق CF مطلي من الأمام
الطبقة المغلفة من الورق الخالي من الكربون، المستخدمة في أشكال متعددة الأجزاء؛ تحتوي على مُظهّر لون في طلاء CF؛ ويظهر طلاء CF على الطبقات من الثانية إلى الأخيرة من القالب.
ورق CFB مطلي من الأمام والخلف
الطبقات المتوسطة من الورق الخالي من الكربون، المستخدمة في أشكال متعددة الأجزاء. يحتوي ورق CFB على طلاءي CF وCB؛ انظر ورق CF وCB. انظر أيضًا الورق الخالي من الكربون.
اللوح الخشبي
ورق مقوى مصنوع بشكل أساسي من ورق النفايات.
الورق المطلي
ورق مطلي بمادة لضمان ثبات حبر الطباعة ونعومته. يُصنع بمجموعة متنوعة من التشطيبات.
الكوكل
سطح ذو تأثير تموج، يتم الحصول عليه عن قصد عن طريق التجفيف بالهواء تحت أدنى شد. يُحاكي الورق المصنوع يدويًا والمجفف بالهواء؛ ويُعدّ مظهره المُحبب كطبقة نهائية مُقوّسة خيارًا مثاليًا.
الجمع
جمع التوقيعات المطبوعة بالترتيب الصحيح قبل التجليد.
أشرطة الألوان
أشرطة ألوان الحبر المطبوعة تُستخدم لمراقبة صورة الطباعة. تُظهر هذه الأشرطة كمية الحبر المطلوب من المطبعة، وتسجيلها، وكثافاتها على ورقة الطباعة.
فصل الألوان
عملية فصل الأوراق الأصلية كاملة الألوان إلى ألوان الطباعة الأساسية (انظر عملية الطباعة ثلاثية الألوان والرباعية الألوان)؛ ويمكن إجراؤها فوتوغرافيًا أو إلكترونيًا.
أوفست السلع
أوراق ذات سطوع وتعتيم أقل من الدرجات الممتازة، ويُحدد سعرها وفقًا لذلك. تُصنع هذه الأوراق عادةً بكميات كبيرة.
ناقل مشترك
مصطلح نقل يُعرف أيضًا باسم ناقل LTL (أقل من حمولة الشاحنة)، ويُستخدم لشحن البضائع الصغيرة.
درجات تنافسية
درجات مماثلة من الورق تُنتجها المصانع لنفس الغرض. papers produced --
التكييف
ترك الورق لفترة كافية ليتناسب مع الجو المحيط حتى يصبح محتواه من الرطوبة مساويًا لمحتوى الرطوبة الجوي. تضمن هذه العملية الأداء الأمثل على الآلة.
الورق المُحوّل
الورق المُعاد تدويره من حالته الأصلية إلى منتج جديد، مثل الأظرف، والشريط اللاصق، والملصقات، وغيرها.
ورق النسخ/الليزر
أنواع خفيفة الوزن وعالية الجودة وثابتة الأبعاد، تُستخدم في التصوير.
اساس
أنبوب، عادةً ما يكون معدنيًا أو خشبيًا أو من ألياف أو ذو رأس معدني، يُلف عليه الورق.
ألياف القطن
يُصنف الورق المنزلي المصنوع من ألياف قطنية بنسبة تتراوح بين 25% و100% على أنه ورق قطني. يُعد القطن من أجود المواد المستخدمة في صناعة الورق، وهو متين، وغالبًا ما يُستخدم في طباعة الشهادات والوثائق التاريخية.
ورق الغلاف والكرتون
ورق ثقيل الوزن يُستخدم في طباعة الأغلفة والبطاقات.
كرومالين
الاسم التجاري لطباعة دوبونت الملونة. قص: قص أجزاء من صورة أو رسم.
علامات القص
: الخطوط المطبوعة التي توضح مكان قص الورقة المطبوعة.
التقاطع
علامات القص
قص النقاط
في عملية القطع بالقالب، تُستخدم سكين حادة الحافة، عادةً ما تكون أقل بأجزاء من الألف من البوصة من مسطرة القطع في القالب، مصممة لقطع جزء من الورق أو الكرتون لأغراض الطي.
حمولة شاحنة
حمولة شاحنة من الورق تزن 40,000 رطل.
ورق مُقسّم
يشير إلى أي كمية ورق تُرفع، بأبعاد 17 × 22 بوصة أو أقل. يُقصد به عمومًا ورق الأعمال الذي يكون عادةً بأبعاد 8.5 × 11 بوصة، أو 8.5 × 14 بوصة (الحجم القانوني)، أو 11 × 17 بوصة، أو A4A.
قنطار
وحدة قياس تُشير إلى 100 رطل لأغراض التسعير أو الوزن.
لفافة داندي
لفافة مجوفة مغطاة بسلك، تُركّب على سلك ماكينة الورق، وتضغط النسيج الرطب المُشكّل حديثًا لتحسين تكوينه، ولإضفاء علامة مائية أو لمسة نهائية على الورق عند الحاجة. يُمكنك رؤية التأثير المرغوب عند رؤية الضوء من خلال الورقة.
ديكل
مصطلح يُستخدم أحيانًا للإشارة إلى عرض الطرف الرطب لماكينة الورق. في صناعة الورق، يُشير إلى عرض الورقة الرطبة عند فصلها عن السلك.
حافة ديكل
الحافة الريشية الناتجة عن الجريان الطبيعي لللب الرطب عند صنع الورق المصنوع يدويًا أو المقولب، أو نتيجة تمزّق الأوراق وهي رطبة. تُحاكي الحافة في الورق المصنوع آليًا عن طريق قطعه بتيار من الماء وهو لا يزال رطبًا.
قالب
تصميم أو حروف أو نقش مقطوع من المعدن للختم أو النقش البارز أو للقطع بالقالب.
قطع بالقالب
طريقة قطع الورق إلى أشكال غير منتظمة باستخدام قوالب معدنية بأبعاد محددة.
جهاز الهضم
وعاء الضغط الكبير الذي يُطهى فيه الخشب لاستخراج ألياف السليلوز.
Digital On-Demand Or Print On-Demand
Refers to the ability to print very small quantities (50- 500 copies), quickly and cost-effectively.
Dimensional Stability
Paper’s ability to maintain size and resistance to dimensional change when exposed to various ambient conditions.
Direct Printing
Any printing where the ink is transferred directly from the plate to the paper; most lithographic printing is offset, i.e., a blanket is utilized to transfer the ink from the plate to the paper.
Dot Gain
The gain in size of the printed dot, as a result of the ink, paper, printing pressure, prepress operation, or any combination of these. Since the dots printed are larger than planned, this can be a defect evidenced by darker tones and/or different hues.
Double Coated
A sheet that has been coated twice on the same side. Sometimes incorrectly confused with a sheet coated on both sides.
DPI (dots per inch)
In printing the number of dots that fit horizontally and vertically into a one-inch measure. Generally, the more dots per inch, the more detail is captured, and the sharper the image.
Drawdown
The application of a thin film of ink to a piece of paper. It is used as a test for coating or ink for color.
Drilling
Using a hollow point drill to pierce a stack of paper in a precise manner. Loose-leaf notebook paper is an example of drilled paper.
Dry Back
The term applied when the density and/or gloss of the wet, freshly printed ink film decreases after drying to a greater extent than was anticipated. It is generally related to an overly absorbent paper surface or a poor ink-paper choice.
Dry End
That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried; the last sections of the machine.
DT Cover
Double-thick describes a sheet of paper made by bonding two thicknesses of paper together resulting in an extra-stiff sheet.
Dull Coated
A finish with a low gloss. With respect to coated box paper, a finish with a glare test less than 55 percent.
Dummy
A preliminary mock-up to show the style, form, size or shape of a printing job.
Duotone
A halftone illustration printed in two colors from a single color original to increase contrast or image.
Duplex
Using two different stocks or it may also be obtained by pasting (laminating) together two papers or boards of different texture. It is the general term that refers to multi-ply paper made of two sheets of paper.
ECF
Elemental Chlorine Free Pulp bleached without the use of elemental chlorine. Generally this is virgin fiber bleached with chlorine dioxide.
Eggshell Finish
Usually refers to book grades of paper that have a finish similar to the surface of an egg. A special felt is used to mark the surface before the paper is dried.
Embossed Finish
A finish imparted to paper through an embossing machine. After the paper passes through the embosser, it receives a finish on both sides.
Embossing
An impression of an image in relief to achieve a raised surface; either over printing or on a blank paper (called blind embossing).
Enamel
A general term for clay coating on papers. Originally designated a coated paper with a high gloss finished surface. Has come to signify any coated paper surface, regardless of gloss.
Engraving
Printing by the intaglio process. Ink is applied to the paper under extreme pressure resulting in a printed surface being raised. Used for fine letterheads, wedding invitations, etc.
Equivalent Weight
The basis weight of paper expressed in terms of a different basic size.
EPS -Encapsulated PostScript
In digital prepress, a file format used to transfer graphic images within compatible applications. A file containing structured PostScript code, comments and a screen display image.
EPA
An abbreviation for the Environmental Protection Agency.
Fan
A-Part Adhesive Glue Padding compound specifically designed for mated carbonless paper.
Feel
Term expressing an individual’s impression of a paper’s finish and stiffness or suppleness.
Felt Finish
A finish applied to the paper at the wet end of the paper machine by using felts of a distinctive weave.
Felt Side
Top side of the paper, opposite from the wire side or underneath. The right side of the paper.
Fiber
The small strands of wood, cotton or other cellulose product that is used to make the paper.
Fine Papers
High-quality printing, writing and cover papers with excellent surface characteristics for fine printing.
Finish
The physical look and feel of the paper’s surface. These include smooth, felt, laid, linen and others.
Finishing
Paper processes that occur after the completion of papermaking operations, including super calendering, slitting, rewinding, sheeting, trimming, sorting, etc., prior to shipment from the facility.
Flexographic Printing
Printing from a relief image with a rubber or plastic plate. A form of letterpress printing, using synthetic or rubber relief plates, special inks, presses, and procedures.
Fluorescent Inks
Extremely brilliant inks containing fluorescent pigments.
Fluorescent Paper
Paper that has been manufactured with the addition of fluorescent dyes that give the brilliance that appears brighter when viewed in natural daylight.
Foldout
A page that exceeds the dimensions of a single page. It is folded to page size and included in the book, sometimes bound in and sometimes tipped in (pasted).
Formation
Refers to the uniformity or lack of it in the distribution of the fibers when manufacturing paper; can be observed by looking through the sheet; a good formation is uniform or lose, while a poor formation is not.
Fountain
The unit on a press that contains ink to be fed to the distributing system, and the part that feeds the fountain solution to the dampening system.
Four-Color Process
The four basic colors of ink (yellow, magenta, cyan, and black), which reproduce full-color photographs or art.
Fourdrinier
The term for the section of the paper machine that is a continuous wire or belt screen, through which the first removal of water occurs. The point of formation.
Free Sheet
A paper that does not contain groundwood or mechanical pulp.
FPO
For Position Only In digital imaging, typically a low-resolution image positioned in a document to be replaced later with a higher resolution version of the same image.
FSC - Forest Stewardship Council
An independent, international, environmentally and socially oriented forest certification organization. It trains, accredits and monitors third-party certifiers around the world and works to establish international forest management standards.
Furnish
The mixture of fiber and other materials that is blended in the water suspension, or slurry, from which paper or board is made; usually about 1% solid material with 99% or the balance being water.
GCR
Gray Component Replacement
Ghosting
Ghosted images are unwanted images (often faint) that appear in the printed piece.
Gloss
The attribute of paper that causes it to be shiny and lustrous. The shininess (glare) reflected from a surface.
Grade
The classification given to paper due to its unique characteristics, which includes brightness, opacity, cotton content, etc
Grain
Directional alignment of fibers in a sheet of paper.
Grain Long
Term used to designate that the grain of the paper is parallel to the longest measurement of a sheet of paper. The fibers are aligned parallel to the length of the sheet.
Grain Short
Opposite of grain long. The grain of the paper runs at the right angles to the longest dimension of the sheet. Fiber alignment in grain short paper parallels the sheet’s shortest dimension.
Grams Per Square Meter
The basis weight of paper stated in metric terms of grams per square meter and expressed as g/m2.
Gripper
A row of clips that holds a sheet of paper as it speeds through the press.
Gripper Margin
Unprintable back edge of a sheet of paper on which grippers bear, usually ½ inch or less.
Guilding
The application of a gold or silver metallic material to one or all three sides of a trimmed book.
Gummed Paper
All papers that include an adhesive on one side of the sheet. Could be a remoistening, thermo-adhesive or pressure sensitive.
Gutter
The blank space or inner margin on a press sheet from printing area to binding.
Hairline Register
Register within ± ½ row of dots.
Hardbound
Another term for casebound.
Headbox
On a paper machine, the box that dispenses the appropriate amount of furnish (pulp) into the papermaking process.
Head To Head
An imposition that requires that pages be laid out with the top of a page (head) positioned across the top of the page (head) opposite it on the form.
Head To Tail
An imposition which requires that pages be laid out with the top of a page (head) positioned across from the bottom (tail) of the page opposite on the form.
Heat Set Ink
Inks used in high-speed web offset. They set rapidly under heat and are quickly chilled.
Hickeys
In offset, spots or imperfections in the printed image traceable to such things as dirt on the press, dried ink skin, paper particles, dust, etc.
Hit
An impression from a stamping die.
Holdout
A term referring to papers that retain much of the resinous ink components on the surface of the sheet rather than absorbing them into a fiber network. Papers with too much holdout cause problems with setoff.
Imitation Parchment
Paper made with irregular distribution of fibers.
Impression
Pressure of type on blanket as it comes in contact with paper.
Ink Absorption
The degree with which paper will absorb ink.
Ink Fountain
In printing presses, the device which stores and supplies ink to the inking rollers.
Ink Holdout
An important printing paper quality - the ability to keep ink on top of the paper’s surface. An inked image printed on paper with a high degree of ink holdout will dry by oxidation rather than absorption.
Ink Jet Printing
In digital printing, a plateless printing system that produces images directly on paper from digital data using streams of very fine drops of dyes which are controlled by digital
Ink Jet Printing
In digital printing, a plateless printing system that produces images directly on paper from digital data using streams of very fine drops of dyes which are controlled by digital signals to produce images on paper.
Interleaves (slip sheets)
Paper inserted between sheets as they come off the printing press to prevent transfer of wet ink from one to the other. Also, accessory sheets between parts in a form.
Jog
To align sheets of paper into a compact pile.
Junior Carton
A package of reamed sealed, cut size paper packed 8 to 10 reams per carton.
Justify
To make a line (or lines) of text copy fit both margins exactly.
Kerning
A method in composition of changing the spacing between type.
Key Plate
In color printing, the plate used as a guide for the register of other colours. It normally contains the most detail.
Keyline
In artwork, an outline drawing of finished art to indicate the exact shape, position and size for such elements as halftones, line sketches, etc.
Kiss Impression
Printing performed with only slight pressure. The normal procedure for quality printing.
Kiss-Cut
Partial cut through.
Label
Paper coated on one side, used for labeling applications.
Laid
Term describes the finish imparted by a dandy roll which features wires parallel to its axis that impress the paper during manufacture to produce a permanent watermark.
Laminated
Paper that is created by fusing one or more layers of paper together to the desired thickness. Often other substances like thin sheets of metal, plastic are fused to paper.
Letterpress
Also known as relief typographic printing, letterpress printing employs the use of type or designs cast or engraved in relief (raised) on a variety of surfaces which can include metal, rubber, and wood. Opposite of intaglio printing, in letterpress printing the ink is applied to the raised printing surface. Non-printing areas or spaces are recessed. Impressions are made in various ways. On a platen press the impressions are made by pressure against a flat area of type or plate. Flat-bed cylinder press printing uses the pressure of a cylinder rolling across a flat area of type or plate to create the impression. A rotary web press uses a plate that has been stereotyped (molded into a curved form) which presses against another cylinder carrying the paper.
Lift
Maximum number of sheets handled by operator of guillotine cutting machine or by paper handler loading paper for printing.
Lightfastness
The degree to which a paper or printed piece will resist a change in colour when exposed to light.
Lignin
The glue that binds the cells of the tree and creates its structure. Approximately one third of the tree is lignin.
Likesidedness
Noticeably similar side-to-side colour and finish of a sheet of paper.
Linen Finish
A paper embossed to have a surface resembling linen cloth.
Lithography
A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the non-image area exist on the same plane (plate) and are separated by chemical repulsion.
Localised Watermark
Achieved by arranging the design on the dandy roll to leave a watermark at a predetermined place on the sheet.
Long Grain
Paper made with the machine direction in the longest sheet dimension.
Loose Register
Colour that fits loosely; positioning (register) is not critical.
M
Symbol in the paper industry designating 1,000. Usually used to designate 1,000 sheets or two reams of fine paper.
Mweight
Weight of 1,000 sheets of paper at a given size and basis weight. Is defined as the weight in pounds of 1000 sheets of paper of a given basis weight and size (dimensions); M is the Roman numeral for 1000. Makeready In printing presses, all work done prior to running.
Making Order
A paper that is not available off the supplier’s shelf, but they will produce it when ordered. Making orders for special sizes, colours and weights of paper are subject to small minimums.
Matte Finish
A coated paper with a low level of gloss compared to enamel or gloss finishes.
Merchant
A company designated by a paper mill to represent and distribute their products and services to printers and publishers.
Micrometer
A device for accurately measuring the thickness (caliper) of paper.
Mottle
Finish which exhibits high and low spots or glossy and dull areas on the printed sheet.
Neutral PH
Offset papers manufactured with a pH of 6.0 to 8.0 on a scale of .0 to 14.0. Neutral pH factors are built into paper as a minimum value, to increase stability and improve permanence for use in printing of archival records.
Offset Lithography
The most common form of lithographic printing. To print, the ink is offset (transferred) from the plate onto a rubber blanket and then to the paper.
Offset Paper
Coated or uncoated paper specifically for offset printing.
Onion skin
A thin, lightweight paper used primarily for typewritten correspondence.
Opacity
The amount of show through in a sheet from one side to the other. The higher the opacity the less likely that the printing on one side will be visible from the other side.
Opaque Ink
An ink that conceals all color beneath it.
Opaques
Papers that have been opacified to achieve a high level of opacity and a minimum amount of show-through.
Out-Of-Square
Sheet paper which is cut or trimmed with other than 90 degree corners, or that is cut non-parallel or not at right angles to the grain of the paper (cut on the bias).
Overrun
A quantity of paper made in excess of the amount ordered.
Padding Compound
A flexible glue used in padding loose sheets.
Page Proofs
Initial impression of a page pulled for checking purposes before the entire job is run.
Pages Per Inch
In book production, the number of pages contained in a one-inch stack of paper.
Pallet
A wooden platform with stringers wide enough to allow a fork lift to drive into it and lift; used to pack cartons for shipment, if specified by the customer. Pallets are usually not reusable.
Parallel Fold
Any series of folds in sequence, made in parallel fashion.
Pasted
Pasted grades are those grades of paper or paperboard made up of layers pasted together. The process is a machine operation used to combine sheets of the same or different papers into a single thickness.
PCF - Process Chlorine Free
This is generally a recycling, decolorizing and bleaching process done without the use of chlorine or chlorine compounds. The usual chemicals are peroxide, ozone and oxygen.
PMS
Pantone Matching System.
Post Consumer Waste
Paper products that have served their intended end uses and have now been separated or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of recycling.
Preconsumer Waste
Manufacturing wastes such as envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, rejected unused paper, obsolete inventories, and printed paper which have never reached the consumer.
Print On-Demand
Refers to the ability to print very small quantities (50-500 copies), quickly and cost-effectively.
Process Color
A four color reproduction. In four color printing, the process colors are yellow, magenta, cyan and black.
Proofs
Samples of copy and/or layout made at various stages of production of a printing job.
Pulp
Fibrous material in papermaking produced either mechanically or chemically from fibrous cellulose raw material (wood most common).
Rag Paper
Today it is usually referred to as cotton fiber paper. It is made from cotton cuttings and linters.
Ream
Paper that has been separated into reams and individually packaged or wrapped. One ream is 500 sheets of paper.
Recyclable
This means the product can be recycled. This applies to most paper even if it is coated, waxed or otherwise treated.
Recycled
Paper made at least in part from recovered fibres. There is no universally acceptable definition so requirements vary by specific circumstances. EPA requires post-consumer content in recycled papers purchased by federal agencies. But the FTC does not require post-consumer content in papers labeled recycled. Most U.S. governments and companies use the EPA standards, but there is no requirement. In Canada most companies use the terra-choice definition for recycle that does require minimum levels of post-consumer fibre.
Register Mark
Mark placed on a form to assist in proper positioning of after-printing operations. Two short lines at right angles are called an angle mark. Also, bulls-eye marks placed on camera-ready copy to assist in registration of subsequent operations.
Registration
Alignment of one element of a form in relation to another. Also, alignment of printed images upon the same sheet of paper.
Right Side
The felt side of a sheet, also the side on which the watermark, if any, may be read.
Runnability
Paper’s performance on a press and its ability to withstand the stresses of a running press unaltered. Not the same as printability.
Saddle Stitch
Binding process for pamphlets or booklets which works by stapling through the middle fold of the sheets.
Scanner
Optical scanner, also electric device used in making color separation.
Scanning
Point-by-Point electronic scanning of color separations under computer control.
Score
The process and the resulting crease mechanically impressed in the paper to facilitate folding while guarding against cracking of paper and board. Scoring is essential when heavyweight papers are to be folded across the grain.
Screen
The ruling used to determine the dots per unit area in developing tonal values in the printed piece. Screens from which letterpress halftones of photographs are made range from 60 lines-per-inch for printing on newsprint to 150 lines for printing on coated paper. Offset halftones for printing on most surfaces range from 133 lines to 200 lines.
Screen Printing
Printing process uses a screen of fine-mesh silk stretched across a frame. A squeegee is drawn across the screen forcing ink through the open image areas.
Sewn Book
A popular style of bookbinding in which the signatures are gathered in sequence and then sewn individually in 8s, 16s, or 32s. The sewing threads are visible at the center of each signature.
Sheet
Term which may be applied to a single sheet, a grade of paper, or a description of paper, i.e. coated, uncoated, offset, etc.
Sheet Fed
Any printing press requiring paper in a sheet form as opposed to printing in rolls.
Short Grain
Occurs when the predominant fiber orientation is parallel to the shortest sheet dimension.
Show Through
In printing, the undesirable condition in which the printing on the reverse side of a sheet can be seen through the sheet under normal lighting conditions.
Side Stitch
A method of binding in which the folded signatures or cut sheets are stitched with wire along and through the side, close to the gutter margin. Pages cannot be fully opened to a flat position; also called side wire.
Signature
Section of book obtained by folding a single sheet of printed paper in 8, 12, 16 or 32 pages.
Silkscreening
Another name for screen process printing.
Size or Sizing
Additive substances applied to the paper either internally through the beater or as a coating that improves printing qualities and resistance to liquids. Commonly used sizes are starch and latex.
Skid
A reusable platform support made of wood, on which sheets of paper are delivered, and on which printed sheets or folded sections are stacked. Also used to ship materials, usually in cartons that have been strapped to the skid. Or a quantity of paper, usually about 3000 lbs., skid-packed.
Slip Sheeting
Placing pieces of paper between folded sections prior to trimming four sides, to separate completed books.
Slurry
Watery suspension of pigments, etc., which is used in coating or papermaking.
Smashed Blanket
An area of a blanket that is no longer firm and resilient, and that gives a light impression in the center of a well-printed area. Usually caused by physical damage of the blanket at impression.
Smooth Finish
A finish on paper that has been made smooth by passing through various rollers.
Smythe Sewn
A method of fastening side-by-side signatures so that each is linked with thread to its neighbor, as well as saddle sewn through its own centerfold. Smythe-sewn books open flat. The stitching is on the back of the fold.
Spec’d (specified)
Spec’d instructions gives details of items such as paper, bindery techniques, type, etc., which have been determined for a given job.
Specifier
The designer or printing production worker who determines the types of paper to be used under various circumstances.
Spectrophotometer
Sophisticated instrument that measures color across a visible spectrum and produces data describing the color of a given sample in terms of the three parameters in color space.
Spine
Backbone of a book.
Spiral Binding
Wires in a spiral form inserted through specially punched holes along the binding edge.
Split Fountain
A technique for simultaneously printing two colors from the same ink fountain.
Spot Varnish
Press varnish applied to a portion of the sheet, as opposed to an overall application of the varnish.
Stiffness
Property of paper to resist bending.
Stitched Book
A popular method of sewing the signatures of a book together by stitching all the sheets at one time, either through the center of the inserted sheets or side- stitched from front to back.
Stochastic
A digital screening process that converts images into very small dots (14-40 microns) of equal size and variable spacing. Also called Frequency Modulated (FM) screening.
Stock Sizes
Standard sizes of paper or board.
Stock Weights
Weights of papers stocked by mills and merchants.
Stocking Items
Papers manufactured in popular sizes, weights, colors, etc. on a regular basis to maintain adequately stocked inventories in mill warehouses.
Stocking Merchant
Paper distributor that stocks in his warehouse enough paper to immediately fill anticipated orders in the market. This eliminates the delay of ordering from the paper mill, taking delivery, and delivering to the customer.
Stretch
Describes the give of a sheet of paper when it is subjected to tensile pressure.
Strike Through
Penetration of printing ink through a sheet of paper.
Super Calendering
Alternating rolls of highly polished steel and compressed cotton in a stack. During the process the paper is subjected to the heated steel rolls and ironed.
Swatchbook
A sample book. A grouping of papers, usually in bound form, that displays the weights, colors, finishes and other particulars of a collection of papers to aid in the selection of grades.
TIFF Tagged Image File Format
A file format for graphics suited for representing scanned images and other large bitmaps. TIFF is a neutral format designed for compatibility with all applications. TIFF was created specifically for storing grayscale images, and it is the standard format for scanned images such as photographs.
TCF - Totally Chlorine Free
Includes both virgin and post-consumer fibers that are bleached without any chlorine containing compounds.
Text Paper
A general term applied to various grades of printing paper designed for deluxe printed booklets, programs, announcements and advertising. May be watermarked.
Thermography
Letterpress printing that uses a special ink that while still wet is dusted with a resin powder. Then the sheets are baked which fuses the powder with the ink and gives the printing a raised effect.
Thickness
Measurement in thousandths of an inch.
Tolerance
Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.
Tooth
Characteristic of paper. A slightly rough paper which permits acceptance of ink readily.
Translucent Papers
Papers that will allow information to be seen through them but not totally clear like acetate; Photographic positive mounted in a clear or transparent image.
Transparent Ink
Printing ink that does not conceal the color beneath. Process inks are transparent so that they will blend to form other colors.
Trapping
The ability to print a wet ink film over previously printed ink. Dry trapping is printing wet ink on dry paper or over dry ink. Wet trapping is printing wet ink over previously printed wet ink.
Trim
Excess of the paper allowed a printed sheet for gripper and bleed.
Trim Marks
In printing, marks placed on the copy to indicate the edge of the page where to cut or trim.
Trim Size
The final size of a printed piece after trimming. Tumble Head to foot printing.
Two Sidedness
In paper, the property denoting difference in appearance and printability between its top (felt) and bottom (wire) sides.
Two Up
Printing the same page or group of pages from two sets of plates, thereby producing two impressions of a piece at one time.
Type Face
A design of letters of the alphabet intended to be used in combination with each other.
Uncoated
Paper that has not been coated. Nevertheless a given coated sheet can be made in a variety of finishes.
Under Run
Term refers to an order produced or delivered that is less than the quantity specified by the customer. Allowances are permitted in trade practices for under-runs.
Up
A term used to describe how many similar sheets can be produced from a larger sheet: two up, four up, etc.
UV
Ultra Violet radiation method of drying process color inks on high-speed multicolor offset presses.
UV Coating
A slick, glossy coating applied to the printed paper surface and dried on press with ultraviolet (UV) light.
UV Inks
In printing, solventless inks that are cured by UV radiation. They are used extensively in screen- printing, narrow web letterpress and flexographic printing.
Varnish
Thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet of paper for protection or improved appearance.
Vellum Finish
A full, toothy, relatively rough finish paper surface of uncoated text and cover papers. Vellum is also used to designate translucent papers
Velox
A black and white print for proofing or for display.
Vignette
Halftone whose background gradually fades away to blend with the surface of the paper.
Virgin Pulp
Paper made from the fibers in their first use, usually from wood pulp.
Waterless Offset
Printing Refers to lithographic printing, where no fountain solution is used.
Watermark
The translucent design or name easily visible when a sheet is held to the light.
Water Resistant
Quality of a sheet of paper to resist penetration by water from one surface to the other.
Web Offset
A lithographic printing press in which the paper is fed from a roll as a web (continuous ribbon), as opposed to sheets.
Web Press
The name of a type of press that prints from rolls of paper.
Wet End
The beginning of the paper machine, comprising the head box, wire, and wet presses; the first sections of the paper machine where the paper web is formed from water and the solid furnish components.
Wet Strength Paper
Paper where the fiber constitutes and/or the sheets are chemically treated to enhance their resistance to tearing, rupturing or disintegration after becoming saturated with liquids.
Whiteness
Whiteness of pulp and paper is generally indicated by its brightness.
Wire
The continuous open mesh material (earlier, a bronze or copper woven wire screen) used on the paper machine to initiate the water removal process.
Wire Side
The side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing. It is the side opposite from the felt or top side; usually not as smooth as the felt or top side. The bottom side of the web of paper, as it is produced on the paper machine; historically has been the rougher of the two sides.
Work And Roll
See work and tumble.
Work And Tumble
Printing one side of a sheet and turning it over from the gripper to the tail to print the second side using the same side guide and plate for the second side.
Work And Turn
Printing one side of a sheet and turning it over from left to right using the same side guides and plate for the second side.
Wove Finish
Uncoated paper that has an even finish with a slight toothiness.
Writing Paper
A general term applied to papers used for writing purposes.